As a market, India has always been attractive to foreign companies because of the rapidly growing market. But in terms of actually taking steps to register a company in India, many foreign companies shelved their plans because of the perceived difficulties in doing the necessary paperwork. Over the last few years, however, many steps have been taken to increase the ease of doing business in India, and foreign companies are being encouraged to have a footprint in India. In 2018, India jumped 23 ranks on the global “Ease of Doing Business” rankings, indicating that the pro-business steps are beginning to pay off. There are several ways in which a foreign company can set up business in India. A company can enter the Indian market by registering a completely Indian entity or as a foreign company . In this article, we look at a few important facets of available structures in India.
Operating as Foreign Company
I. Liaison Office
A Liaison Office (LO), sometimes referred to as a Representative Office, is a good way to establish a new presence in India. An LO liaises, communicating between the parent company and Indian entities. While an LO can promote the parent company’s interests and build a network, it cannot make money within India; all operating costs are borne from internal funds.
Meaning
As per law, ‘Liaison Office’ means a place of business to act as a channel of communication between the Principal place of business or Head Office by whatever name called and entities in India but which does not undertake any commercial /trading/ industrial activity, directly or indirectly, and maintains itself out of inward remittances received from abroad through normal banking channel.
Requirements to Establish Liaison Office
Registration
Registration of an LO is approved by RBI and then by MCA. It generally takes 45 days to register a LO and requires renewal after 3 years.
Permitted activities
i) Representing in India the parent company/group companies.
ii) Promoting export import from/to India.
iii) Promoting technical/financial collaborations between parent/group companies and companies in India.
iv) Acting as a communication channel between the parent company and Indian companies
LOs are by far the cheapest option of establishing an office in India, but provide limited scope of what a business can do in the country. Foreign companies use LOs primarily to oversee networking, create visibility about a company, and to chart out future business opportunities in India.
Posting of Expatriates
Expatriates are allowed to work on rolls of Indian Liaison office.
Remittance outside India
LO is only a cost centre and outward remittance is not allowed, except upon closure of LO.
Permitted Incomes
Inward remittance is allowed only from head office through normal banking channels to meet the expenses. Further, it cannot issue invoice from India since it cannot generate any income.
Indian Taxation
Since LOs are not meant to earn income, the Indian government does not tax them. However, where an LO becomes a Permanent Establishment in India, it will be taxed as a foreign entity at the rate of 40% plus applicable surcharge and cess.
II. Branch Office
Similar to an LO, Branch Office (BO) is not an incorporated company, but an extension of a foreign company. BOs can, however, engage in commercial business as a representative of the parent company. The BO can conduct research, carry out import and export activity, provide consultancy support, provide services in information technology (IT), and provide technical support for products supplied by its parent company.
Meaning
As per law, Branch Office’ in relation to a company means- (a) any establishment described as a branch by the company, or (b) any establishment carrying on either the same or substantially the same activity as that carried on by the head office of the company, or (c) any establishment engaged in any production, processing or manufacture, but does not include any establishment specified in any order made by the Central Government.
Requirements to Establish Branch office
Registration
Registration of a BO is approved by RBI and then by MCA. It takes 45 days to register a BO. Further, renewal of registration is generally not required but in some cases RBI gives approval for 2-3 years and renewal is required post
Permitted Activities
i) Export/Import of goods
ii) Rendering professional or consultancy services.
iii) Carrying out research work, in which the parent company is engaged.
iv) Promoting technical or financial collaborations between Indian companies and parent or overseas group company.
v) Representing the parent company in India and acting as buying/selling agent in India.
vi) Rendering services in Information Technology and development of software in India.
vii) Rendering technical support to the products supplied by parent/group companies.
viii) Foreign airline/shipping company.
The RBI prohibits BOs from conducting manufacturing and processing work directly. BOs must subcontract such work to an Indian manufacturer. However, the RBI has made exception for BOs operating in Special Economic Zones (SEZs), allowing these particular BOs to engage in manufacturing themselves.
Posting of Expatriates
Expatriates are allowed to work on rolls of Branch office ..
Remittance outside India
A branch Office in India may remit outside India the profit of the branch net of applicable Indian taxes, on production of the following documents, and establishing the net profit or surplus, as the case may be, to the satisfaction of the authorized dealer through whom the remittance is affected.
a) certified copy of the audited balance sheet and profit and loss account for the relevant year;
b) a Chartered Accountant’s certificate certifying, –
i) the manner of arriving at the remittable profit,
ii) that the entire remittable profit has been earned by undertaking the permitted activities, and
iii) that the profit does not include any profit on revaluation of the assets of the branch.
Permitted incomes
The entire expenses of the Branch Office in India will be met either out of the funds received from abroad through normal banking channels or through income generated by it in India. It can also issue invoice from India.
Indian Taxation
A BO actually does business in India and is, therefore, subject to corporate tax @ 40%. Surcharge is applicable @ 2% on taxable income on income exceeding 1 Cr upto 10 Cr., and @ 5% on taxable income exceeding 10 Cr. Health and education cess is also applicable @ 4%.
A BO can repatriate profits back to their parent company after paying taxes.
Moreover, a BO is also required to file income tax return in India.
III. Project Office
A project office operates similarly to a branch office, the main difference being that a company establishes a project office for specific work in India. Project offices may be set up for carrying out construction or for projects co-funded by Indian and international financial institutions.
Meaning
Project Office’ means a place of business to represent the interests of the foreign company executing a project in India but excludes a Liaison Office.
Requirements to Establish
Registration
Registration of a Project Office is approved automatically by Authorized Dealer Bank and does not required prior approval from RBI. It takes 15 -20 days to register a PO. However, it has to be closed soon after completion of the project.
Permitted activities
A foreign Company may be permitted to open a Project Office/s in India provided it has secured from an Indian company, a contract to execute a project in India. Project Office shall not undertake or carry on any other activity other than the activity relating and incidental to execution of the project.
Posting of Expatriates
Expatriates are allowed to work on rolls of Project Office ..
Remittance outside India
A Project Office in India may be permitted for the intermittent remittances pending winding up / completion of the project provided they satisfy the bonafides of the transaction, subject to the following:
a. The PO submits an Auditors’ / Chartered Accountants’ Certificate to the effect that sufficient provisions have been made to meet the liabilities in India including Income Tax, etc.
b. An undertaking from the PO that the remittance will not, in any way, affect the completion of the project in India and that any shortfall of funds for meeting any liability in India will be met by inward remittance from abroad.
Permitted Incomes
The entire expenses of the Project Office in India will be met either out of the funds received from abroad through normal banking channels or through income generated by it in India. It can also issue invoice from India.
Indian Taxation
A PO actually does business in India and is, therefore, subject to corporate tax @ 40%. Surcharge is applicable @ 2% on taxable income exceeding 1 Cr upto 10 Cr., and @ 5% on taxable income exceeding 10 Cr. Health and education cess is also applicable @ 4%.
A PO can repatriate profits back to their parent company on completion of project after paying taxes.Moreover, a PO is also required to file income tax return in India..
Operating as an Indian Company
If a foreign company wants to carry on its Indian operations under an Indian entity, then it can go via joint venture route, create a wholly owned subsidiary or a LLP in India. The wholly owned subsidiary would mean that a foreign company incorporates a new company which is held solely by the foreign company, or purchases all shares of an Indian company, which then becomes a wholly owned subsidiary of the foreign company. In a joint venture, the foreign company and the Indian partner sign an agreement (a Memorandum of Understanding or a JV Agreement) either for perpetual existence or for a specific project or limited duration.
The formation of wholly owned subsidiary will need to comply with all the Registrar Of Companies processes including submission of different forms (DIR-12, INC-7, INC-22 etc.), payment of necessary fees, opening of bank accounts, etc. Once the certificate of incorporation is received, the documents for capital infusion have to be submitted for complying with Foreign Direct Investment regulations prescribed by the Reserve Bank of India.
IV. Limited Liability Company
A limited liability company is an incorporated entity that is legally separate from its shareholders and members. A limited company requires a minimum of two shareholders and foreign companies can hold up to 99.9 percent of its shares. Limited companies can own property, hire employees, sue and be sued. A limited company also has unlimited existence, meaning its existence is not dependent on the status of shareholders or members. Limited companies can borrow funds.
Establishing a limited company provides the most control and strongest presence to a foreign company.
Incorporating a private limited company is the simplest and quickest mode to set up a business in India for a foreign company. Moreover, further exemptions are available to private companies with lesser restrictions as compared to public limited companies. Thus, most of the foreign companies prefer to form a fully owned private limited company as a subsidiary.
Meaning
An incorporated entity formed and registered under the Companies Act, 2013. It is a distinct legal entity, apart from its shareholders.
Registration
Registration of a private limited company is required to be done under MCA. It takes 15 days to register a company. Minimum two shareholders and two directors are required.
There is no minimum paid-up capital required as per Indian law.
Permitted activities
As per its ‘main objects’ stipulated in the Memorandum & Articles of Association of the company. However under the foreign direct investment (“FDI”) policy of the Government of India foreign investment in the following industries is prohibited:
a) Lottery Business including Government/private lottery, online lotteries, etc.
b) Gambling and Betting including casinos etc.
c) Chit funds
d) Nidhi company
e) Trading in Transferable Development Rights (TDRs)
f) Real Estate Business or Construction of Farm Houses ‘Real estate business’ shall not include development of townships, construction of residential /commercial premises, roads or bridges and Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) registered and regulated under the SEBI (REITs) Regulations 2014.
g) Manufacturing of cigars, cheroots, cigarillos and cigarettes, of tobacco or of tobacco substitutes
h) Activities/sectors not open to private sector investment e.g. Atomic Energy
Posting of Expatriates
Expatriates are allowed to work on rolls of Limited Liability company.
Permitted incomes
All income arising out of its business activities. It can also issue invoice from India.
Remittance outside India
Remittance is allowed by way of:
1. Dividends
2. Royalties
3. Fees towards technical knowhow
4. Remittances under Supply Contracts (subject to limitation of matters of ‘Related Party transactions’)
Indian Taxation
A limited Liability company actually does business in India and is, therefore, subject to corporate tax @ 25% (for turnover upto Rs. 2.5 Billion) and 30% (for turnover exceeding Rs. 2.5 Billion). Surcharge is applicable @ 7% on taxable income exceeding 1 Cr upto 10 Cr., and @ 12% on taxable income exceeding 10 Cr. Health and education cess is also applicable @ 4%.
Moreover, a company is also required to file income tax return in India.
Further, a company is also subject to Dividend Distribution Tax @ 15% (plus surcharge and Health and education cess as applicable).
V. Limited Liability Partnership
A limited liability partnership firm (LLP) is a cross between partnership firms and a limited company. An LLP is a separate legal entity than its members, which means that the liability of members is limited to their agreed contributions. Only in sectors where the RBI permits 100 percent foreign direct investment (FDI) can a foreign company establish an LLP. Under Prime Minister Modi, the Indian government has eased FDI restrictions and the list of sectors under 100 percent FDI is growing.
LLPs can buy and own property, produce revenue, and remit earnings outside of India. LLPs are taxed at 30 percent, and an additional surcharge of 12 percent is applied to LLPs if total income exceeds one crore.
In comparison to a Limited Company, an LLP requires less paperwork and minimal record keeping. An LLP also has a reputational advantage over a Partnership Firm because of the additional registration involved. An LLP must register with the Ministry of Corporate Affairs, lending credible proof of the company’s existence.
VI. Joint Ventures
A joint venture is a partnership between two or more companies or individuals who agree to pool capital or goods into a uniform project. Joint ventures in India have been most popular for sectors that do not have 100 percent FDI.
Joint ventures offer relatively low risk to foreign companies, provided that these companies conduct due diligence on their Indian partners. A joint venture allows foreign companies to utilize the existing networks of their Indian partners, and once taxed, such companies can remit their Indian profits outside the country.
JVs are subject to corporate tax @ 30% plus surcharge and cess.
Making the right choice
Choosing whether to set up an office, firm, or company in India has to correspond to a company’s size, ambitions, and desired trajectory in the country.
An LO may work best for a smaller company exploring prospects in India. Alternately, incorporating a limited company would be the logical decision of a company looking to aggressively expand within Asian emerging markets.
In making a decision for your business, do consider consulting a professional advisor on the following:
- A review of the latest laws and regulations;
- Due diligence for would-be partners and service providers;
- Exit strategy planning for limited control establishments; and,
- Operational issues – such as connectivity, labor laws, and state-based regulations –when planning the physical location of your Indian presence
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